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Brazilian Journal of Science and Technology

Table 1 Levels of learning

From: Transformative learning to promote sustainability: inserting the third level of learning in management programs

Orders of change/learning

 

Seeks/leads to:

Can be labelled as:

First order change/cognition

 

Effectiveness/efficiency

“Doing things better”

Confirmative

Second order change/meta-cognition

Examining and changing assumptions

“Doing better things”

Reformative

Third order change/epistemic learning

Paradigm change

“Seeing things differently”

Transformative

  1. Source: Sterling (2010–2011, p. 25)
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